Unit 5 Space and beyond 语法-精讲破
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
一. 名词性从句的连接词
(一)that
【观察】
That he is still alive is sheer luck John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
The teacher told the students(that)they should hand in their homework the next day and that the homework must be signed by their parents.
The fact that he has fully recovered makes me happy.
【归纳】
1. that只起 ① 作用,引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,也没有词义。
2. that在引导名词性从句时,在以下情况中,that不宜省略:
(1)that引导的主语从句位于②时,that不可省略。(2)当动词后带有多个that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,而其他的that ③ 省略。
(3)当that引导的宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时,that不可省略。
(4)that引导的从句作介词的宾语时,that不能省略。
(5)引导表语从句和 ④ 语从句时,that一般不可省略。
(二) whether/if
【观察】
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
【归纳】
l. if/whether引导的名词性从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化而来的,whether与if表示“ ⑤ ”,只起连接作用,引导从句,在从句中不作任何成分。
2. whether和if有时可互换,但在下列情况下,只可用whether
(1)whether引导 ⑥ 从句并放在句首。
(2)引导 ⑦ 从句和同位语从句
(3)whether从句作介词的 ⑧ 语。
(4)后紧跟 or not
(5)后接动词不定式时。
(三)连接代词 who whom、whose what,which等,连接副词 where、why,when、how 等。
【观察】
Do you know whom they are looking for?
I don’t know who did it.
When we shall meet again is unknown.
【归纳】
连接代词、连接副词引导的名词性从句由特殊疑问句转化而来。它们的特点是
1. 连接代词、连接副词保留自己的 ⑨ 含义
2. 连接代词在从句中充当句子成分,如 ⑩ 语、 语、定语,连接副词在从句中作状语
3. 连接代词、连接副词引导的从句一律用 语序不能用疑问句语序。
(四)whatever、whoever、whenever引导名词性从句的用法
【观察】
I will just say whatever comes into my mind.
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.
【归纳】
、 、whenever可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语和表语等。在此用法中 whatever、whoever 等在从句中通常不含疑问意义。whatever=anything that,whoever=anyone who.
二. it作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句
【观察】
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
It’s a pity that you should have to leave.
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
I think it best that you should stay here I take it(that)he will come on time.
I like it when people are open and straight.
I really appreciate it if she offers to help.
【归纳】
1. that引导主语从句时,通常用it作形式主语,而将that从句置于 。
2. whether/who/what等引导主语从句时也常用 作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末。
3. 动词find、ftel、consider、make、believe等后面的宾语从句跟 时,常使用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语从句
移至句末。
4. 有些动词(短语)如have、 (认为)、see to等后可跟形式宾语 it+that从句
5. 表示喜爱、憎恶等感情的动词 enJoy、hate、love、
、dislike、 等后可跟形式宾语it+when(if)从句。
链接高考
单句语法填空
1. (2020浙江7月,语法填空,★★☆)Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on ______ animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
2. (2020江苏,25,★★☆)It is not a problem ______ we can win the battle;it’s just a matter of time.
3. (2020天津,15,★★☆)The student completed this experiment to make come true ______Professor Joseph had said.
4. (2020天津,阅读理解A,★★☆)While libraries still loan out(出借)books you’ll find it easier to get a copy of ______ you’re looking for,thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries
5. (2020课标全国I,语法填空,★★☆)Data about the moons composition,such as how much ice and other treasures it contains,could help China decide ______ its plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical.
6. (2020课标全国I,阅读理解D,★★☆)These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show ______ they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
7. (2019课标全国I,语法填空,★★☆)While they are rare north of 88,there is evidence ______ they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James bay in Canada.
8. (2019北京,语法填空C,★★☆)What students do at college seems to matter much more than ______they rece.
9. (2019江苏,25,★★☆)Scientists have obtained more evidence _______ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
10. (2018天津,9,★★☆)The gold medal will be awarded to ______ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
11. (2018江苏,21,★★☆)By boat is the only way to get here,which is ______ we arrived.
12. (2017天津,4,★★☆)She asked me ______ I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadn’t.
13. (2017北京,23,★★☆)Every year,______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
14. (2017北京,26,★★☆)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing ______ she was heading.
15. (2016北京,24,★★☆)Your support is important to our work. ______ you can do helps.
16. (2016北京,29,★★☆)The most pleasant ng of the rainy season is ______ one can be entirely free from dust.
17. (2016江苏,21,★★☆)It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
18(2016天津,11,★★☆)The manager put forward a suggestion ______ we should have an assistant There is too much work to do.
19. (★★☆)A ship in harbor is safe,but that’s not ______ ships are built for.
20. (★★☆)______ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
21. (★★☆)______ Li Bai,a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public but some won’t accept it.
22 (★★☆) If you swim in a river or lake be sure to investigate ______ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
23. (★★☆) You have re to know ______ you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
24. (★★☆) Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for ______ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.
完成句子
25. (2018北京,11,★★☆)若没有他的帮助,我们就不会走到今天这一步
Without his support,we wouldn’t be _____ ______ _____ now.
26(★★☆)这个展览告诉我们为什么我们要采取措施来制止空气污染。
The exhibition tells us _____ ______ _____ ______ _____ to stop air pollution.
27. (★★☆)我们必须弄清楚Karl什么时候来,以便我们可以为他预订房间。
We must _____ ______ _____ ______ _____ ______, so we can book a room for him.
参考答案:
①连接②句首③不可④同位⑤是否⑥主语⑦表语⑧宾⑨疑问⑩主 宾 陈述句 whatever whoever 句末 it 宾语补足语 Take like appreciate
1. what what could be hunted or gathered from the wild是what引导的宾语从句,作on的宾语。what是连接代词,在宾语从句中作主语。
2. whether 句意:我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题;这只是时间问题。分析句式可知 problem后是主语从句,设空处表示“是否”,故填 whether。
3. what 句意:学生完成这个实验是为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实。设空处引导的从句为make的宾语,而宾语从句中又缺 had said的宾语,故填what。
4. whatever 句意:尽管图书馆仍然出借图书,但是你会发现由于地区图书馆的合作网络你更容易得到一本你正在寻找的书。you’re looking for作介词of的宾语,根据句意可知应用 whatever。
5. whether/if 分析句子可知,此处引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,故填 whether或if。
6. when 句意:这些包括在叶子上印上传感器以显示它们何时缺水的植物以及一种能够检测地下水中有害化学物质的植物。此处引导宾语从句,表示“在时候”,故填when。
7. tha t设空处引导同位语从句,解释名词 evidence的具体内容,从句中不缺句子成分,且句意完整,故本空应填that。
8. where根据语境并分析句子结构可知,设空处在从句中作地点状语,故用 where引导宾语从句。
9. that 句意:科学家们已经获得了更多的证据,证明塑料正在偶然进入人体。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导同位语从句,解释说明 evidence的具体内容,且从句中不缺少成分,故用that引导。
10. whoever 句意:这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。从句中缺主语且设空处表示“人”,既引导宾语从句又在从句中作主语故填whoever
11. how 句意:到这里唯一的方法是乘船,这也是我们如何到达这里的。由句意可知,应用how引导表语从句。
12. if/whether 句意:她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了,我承认我还没有归还。由句意可知,此处表示是否”,故用if或 whether引导宾语从句。
13. whoever 句意:每年在风筝节上制作出最漂亮的风筝的人都会赢得一份奖品。根据句子结构和句意可知,主语从句中缺少表示人的主语,因此填whoever。
14. where 句意:简沿着绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着,不知道她要去哪里。根据句意和句子结构可知,宾语从句中缺少表示地点的连接副词,故填 where。
15. Whatever 句意:你们的支持对我们的工作很重要,无论你们做什么都会有所帮助。根据句意和句子结构可知,设空处引导的是主语从句,并在从句中作do的宾语,表示物,故填 Whatever。
l6. that句意:雨季最令人高兴的事情就是人们完全可以免受尘土的影响。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导表语从句,表语从句中结构完整,故使用that弓导表语从句,that在表语从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用
17. hat句意:对于那些不放弃希望的人来说,发生什么都是有可能的,这是很常见的。设空处引导主语从句,从句中不缺少成分,故使用that引导。
18. hat 句意:经理提出了一个建议,我们应该有一个助手。有太多的工作要做了。设空处后面是建议的具体内容,从句不缺成分,故填that。
19. what 句意:在港口的船是安全的,但是那不是建造船的目的。设空处引导表语从句,表语从句中for缺少宾语,故用what。
20. How 句意:我们如何理解事情与我们的认知有很大关系。根据逻辑意义可知此处应该表示方式,故用How。
21. Where 句意:中国伟大诗人李白的出生地大家都知道,但是一些人对此不接受。设空处引导主语从句,且在从句中作地点状语,故填 Where。
22. what 句意:如果你在河里或湖里游泳,一定要弄清楚水面下的状况。水底下常常会藏有岩石或树枝。Investigate后面是宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,所以填what
23. where 句意:如果你要计划到达胜利彼岸的最好方法,你就得知道你将要往哪儿走。分析句子结构可知设空处应用 where引导宾语从句且在从句中作地点状语。
24. what 句意:读着多丽丝·莱辛的传记,我沉浸在对她在文学上获得的成就的崇拜之中。for是介词,后面的从句是宾语从句,而从句中缺少宾语,故填what。
25. where we are.
26. why we should do something.
27. find out when Karl is coming.
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